EN 2105: Language Structure, Usage and Linguistics III
Expanding the sentence: coordination- compound sentences
· Coordination: Two
independent clauses are combined to form compound sentence using coordinating
conjunctions - and, but, or, either .or, neither, nor,
· Types of
activities:
- Join sentences using coordinating conjunctions
- Breaking a long sentence into simple sentences
Expanding the sentence: subordination-the complex
sentence
· 1n subordination
there is an independent clause and one or more dependent or subordinate
clauses. Subordinate conjunctions – when, while, till, before, after, because,
as, if, unless, that, so that, etc.
· Three main classes
of dependent clauses analyzed by structural types:
- Finite clauses: verb element is a finite verb
phrase, e.g. I like John because John likes me.
- Non-finite clauses:
to-infinitive: The
best thing would be to tell everybody.
All I did was hit
him on the head (infinitive without to)
-ing form: Leaving
the room, he tripped over the mat.
-ed participle:
Covered with confusion, we left the room.
Verbless clause:
e.g. Although always helpful, he …….
Reported speech
· To report what
somebody has said we can use either quotation marks (direct speech) or a
that- clause (indirect speech)
e.g. He said ‘I need more money’. He said that he needed
more money.
· Certain changes
are made in connecting from direct to indirect
- Change present tense to past tense.
- Change 1st and 2nd person pronouns
into 3rd person
- Change pointer words (his, now, here etc.) into
that, then, there, the next day, etc.
· Provide examples
and activities.
· Indirect
questions: a wh-clause is used instead of that- clause
e.g. Do you
live here? She asked him whether (if) he lived there.
Cleft sentences
· With ‘it’: we use
cleft sentences to give emphasis to a particular part of the sentence. It does this
by splitting the sentence into two halves and ‘highlighting’ the topic by
making it the complement of it + be.
e.g. The Americans landed on the moon, not the
Russians.
It was the Americans who
landed on the moon, not the Russians.
· Cleft sentences
with ‘what or ‘the thing (that)
What I really
enjoy is eating chocolates. The thing that I ……….
Questions
· Types of
questions; yes-no questions, tag questions, Declarative questions, Alternative
questions, wh- questions
· Making questions
polite
Bilingualism
· Characteristics of
bilingualism
· Code mixing, code
switching
Individual learner
differences
· Learner
variables: personality, motivation, learning style, aptitude and age
· The relationship
between learner differences and second language acquisition.
